going through the claims regarding Steppe related ancestry in the BMAC outliers and Hajji Firuz IA

one of the claims made by the steppe theorists is the influence of the Sintashta people around 2000 BCE in the BMAC outliers in terms of genetics and that this proves an 'Indo-Iranian migration' and these are the samples they give as proof:



BMAC outlier with Steppe MLBA related ancestry

BMAC outlier with Steppe EMBA related ancestry









the origins of these mtDNA haplogroups:

https://www.yfull.com/mtree/R1/



The earliest Samples found for Haplogroup U2e2a1d



notice how both of the samples have Y haplogroups that r BMAC derived and mtDNA haplogroups that are from the steppes when Y Haplogroups are something that proves language change in the world view of the steppe theorists.

for more info on these steppe mtDNA haplogroups and their origin read the following tweets by u/a_south_indian

https://x.com/a_south_indian/status/1906811398950162745

https://x.com/a_south_indian/status/1907580929045905815

https://x.com/a_south_indian/status/1906808821613560152

the next one is the following quote from the recent Amjadi paper 

but the steppe related ancestry they talk of is actually Catacomb related ancestry from IA Hajji Firuz this is its Y haplogroup from Narasimhan (2019) paper




notice how they have R1b which is catacomb derived instead of R1a which is Sintashta related.


from The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia (2019) paper Supplement:


we see that the proximal Model that has the highest p-value is 0.553 with the Admixture coefficients being 72.5% Armenia EBA + 27.5% Shahr_I_Sokhta_BA1


however through the Distal sources that are required to model IA Hajji Firuz we know that EEHG is required while Armenia EBA(Kura Araxes) does not have this Ancestry which is noted by Lazaridis et al. 2022 and Lazaridis et al. 2025.






From Supplementary Materials for The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe by Iosif Lazaridis, Songül Alpaslan-Roodenberg et al. 2022:






the next Proximal Model that has a higher p-value is 0.404 with the Admixture coefficients being 36.6% Anatolia_EBA + 55% BMAC + 8.5% Western_Steppe_EMBA:

however in this the Proximal source is Anatolia_EBA instead of a source like Hajji_Firuz_C or Hajji_Firuz_BA.


the next Proximal Model that has a higher p-value is 0.356 with the Admixture coefficients being 37.2% Anatolia_EBA + 55.2% BMAC + 7.6% Steppe_LBA:




however this too would be inaccurate not only because Anatolia_EBA is being picked up as a proximal source but also because it is modeled using Steppe_LBA.

Notice how Aigyrzhal_BA and Okunevo_BA are used as proximal Sources while a population like this would not mix with the pre-steppe populations of Iran even from the perspective of the Steppe theorist.




something else to also note is that Turkmenistan_IA is something that should not be confused with Steppe_LBA.


The best Proximal modelling for IA Hajji Firuz:


The best modelling that can be used for them is 24.6% BMAC + 61.9% Hajji_Firuz_C + 13.5% Western_Steppe_EMBA with the p-value being 0.345 and Steppe MLBA is not required to model them only Catacomb related ancestry is necessary.

interestingly there might be evidence of steppe MLBA related mtDNA haplogroups in the ancient Indo-Iranian speakers of Iran although I am not sure of its accuracy.

here are some of the data with the earliest dates for some of these haplogroups:

https://www.yfull.com/mtree/

 

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